摘 要:本文介绍了当今西方翻译研究的一个重要的学派——描写学派的起源、成长与成熟的过程,以及这个学派的特点。文章论述了描写翻译学派对中国翻译理论研究的现实意义。文章认为描写学派可以为各种各样的翻译定位、拓宽翻译研究的领域并丰富翻译实践的手段。
要害词:规范;描写;翻译研究
Abstract: This paper traces the origin, growth and development of descriptive translation studies, one of the most influential schools of thought in translation studies in the West today. Following a brief description of its major characteristics, the paper dwells on the school’s relevance to the Chinese translators. The point is made that the descriptive theory can explain the orientation of all kinds of translations, broaden the scope of the field of study and enrich the practice of translation in China.
Key words: prescriptive; descriptive; translation studies
翻译研究,从一开始的归纳式的经验总结,如严复的信、达、雅,即用自己从翻译实践中得来的经验,浓缩成警句式的“标准”,传授给后人,让别人照着去做;到后来的演绎式的科学研究,如奈达的动态对等,即利用语言学的一些基本原理。对翻译过程进行严格(rigorous)的描述,对翻译的终极产品进行严格的鉴定,用四个语义单位、七个核心句、五个逆转换步骤,细细地规定出翻译的全过程,用以指导翻译实践。这种种研究翻译的方法,都是“规范性”(prescriptive)的。规范性翻译研究的显著特点是,定出一个规范(norm),让所有译者,不分时代(timeless),不分工作对象,不分译者、读者的认知环境(cognitive environment),在他们的翻译实践中一律遵照执行。若有违反便叱之为“不忠实”或“结构粗笨”(heavy structure)、“误导读者”(misleading)等等。美国知名的描写翻译学者Maria Tymoczko认为,规范性翻译理论根源在于把翻译看作一种纯粹的语言艺术,用一些超越时间的语言规则来加以考察。(As a language art, translation has often been considered from the viewpoint of timeless linguistic rules (which has led to a normative tendency in the theory)…)①。